What do the parties in Hesse say on climate and energy?

The AfD sees a secure energy supply at internationally competitive prices as the state government's most important task. Phase-outs of energy sources should happen only once replacements are guaranteed, and existing decisions should be reversed. The party rejects state intervention to push the energy transition.

The AfD wants safe and cheap energy. Germany should only shut down power plants when there is a replacement. Earlier decisions to shut plants down should be taken back. The AfD thinks the energy transition is not needed and costs too much.

The AfD rejects climate protection and wants to end such measures. Instead, those affected should get help adapting to climate change. The platform doubts that human CO2 emissions cause climate change.

The AfD wants to stop climate protection. It does not believe that humans change the climate much. The money should help people who suffer from climate change. They should be able to adapt to the new climate.

The AfD wants to reverse the coal phase-out and stop shutting down baseload power plants for political reasons. It considers the Energiewende (energy transition) a failure and expects much lower electricity prices from coal and nuclear plants.

The AfD wants to keep making power from coal. Safe power plants should stay on the grid. Plants that were shut down should be allowed to run again. The AfD says this makes power cheaper.

The AfD wants no further wind turbines or solar installations to be built. Existing plants should feed in power only in ways that serve the grid. The platform cites fluctuating output and risks to supply security.

The AfD wants no new wind turbines or solar plants. The AfD says wind and sun deliver power too unevenly. That puts the power grid at risk. Existing plants should follow the needs of the grid.

The AfD wants Germany's nuclear power plants to keep operating and new ones to be built. Research and development in nuclear technology should resume. The platform points to high energy density and low impact on nature.

The AfD wants to keep using nuclear power plants. It also wants to build new ones. Germany should do research on this technology again. The AfD says nuclear power is safe, cheap, and easy on nature.

The AfD wants to follow hydrogen and storage projects with an open mind but rejects a commitment to green hydrogen alone. Synthetic fuels should be developed further so that combustion engines can stay in use permanently.

The AfD wants more research on hydrogen. But it does not want only hydrogen made from green power. Synthetic fuels should also be developed further. Then cars with combustion engines can keep driving.

The CDU wants to make Hesse the leading location for eco-tech research and relies on innovation rather than bans for climate and nature protection. Universities should be able to research energy questions without being tied to particular technologies.

The CDU wants to protect the climate with new technology. It thinks bans are the wrong way. Hesse should lead in research on green technology. Companies from this field should come to Hesse. Universities should be free to research all energy technologies.

The CDU wants to promote energy-efficiency upgrades of owner-occupied homes through incentives and help people save energy. It rejects mandatory renovations as proposed at EU level, calling them a disproportionate intrusion on owners' rights.

The CDU wants to help homeowners save energy. There should be incentives, for example for upgrading a house. The CDU does not want a duty to renovate. The EU proposes such duties. The CDU thinks this is too hard on owners.

The CDU wants to launch a state funding program for energy-related measures in buildings. At the federal level, it wants the earlier subsidy scheme for the Efficiency Standard 55 to be extended by five years.

The CDU wants to give money for energy-saving homes. People who insulate their house get support. This also applies to solar panels. The federal government should keep paying its old subsidy for new buildings longer.

The CDU rejects the federal government's heating law and a ban on gas and oil heating systems. It wants to modernize heating through incentives and technology-neutral solutions instead. Heating with wood and biomass should remain allowed, including in new buildings.

The CDU is against the federal heating law. It does not want bans on gas and oil heaters. It prefers to offer incentives. Heating with wood should stay allowed.

The CDU commits to making Hesse climate-neutral by 2045 and to meeting the agreed interim steps. The state's climate law is to be adapted to changed federal rules, which means fixed sector targets will be dropped.

Hesse should be climate-neutral by 2045. That means Hesse will no longer harm the climate. The CDU wants to change the state's climate law. There will be no more fixed goals for single areas. The state's own offices should be climate-neutral by 2030.

The CDU rejects the federal government's planned de facto ban on new gas and oil heating systems as well as a blanket ban on cars with combustion engines. It also rejects building renovation mandates planned at the EU level.

The CDU is against a ban on new gas and oil heating. It is also against a ban on cars with combustion engines. The EU plans rules that force owners to renovate homes. The CDU rejects that too. It says bans make climate protection unpopular.

The CDU regards European emissions trading as the central tool of climate policy and supports extending it to buildings and transport. In the long run, it aims for a single CO2 price across all sectors throughout Europe.

Those who emit CO2 must buy permits. This is called emissions trading. The CDU wants to expand this system in Europe. It should also cover buildings and transport. In the end, all of Europe should have one CO2 price.

The CDU relies on technical solutions rather than doing without when it comes to climate protection. It wants to launch a special program for climate technologies, advance carbon capture and storage, and expand natural carbon sinks.

The CDU wants to protect the climate with technology. People should not have to give things up. The state should invest in new climate technology. It should be possible to capture and store CO2. Forests and bogs should also absorb more CO2.

The CDU wants to keep supporting hydrogen and fuel cell technology and turn Hesse into a lead market. To that end, filling stations and infrastructure are to be expanded and cooperation with other states stepped up.

The CDU wants to support hydrogen more. Hydrogen is a gas that can provide energy. Hesse should become a leading market for it. There should be more hydrogen filling stations. Skilled workers for climate protection should be well trained.

The CDU wants to prepare Hesse for the consequences of global warming with a "climate adaptation offensive." Plans include investment in flood and extreme-weather protection, precautions against power outages, and help for farming and forestry.

The climate is getting warmer. The CDU wants to prepare Hesse for this. The state should spend more on protection from floods and storms. There should be emergency points for power outages. Farmers and forest owners should also get help.

The CDU announces an "energy offensive" that rules out no technology for generating energy. Hesse is to become a leading location for energy research, especially for laser-driven nuclear fusion.

The CDU wants research on all kinds of energy. No technology should be ruled out from the start. Hesse should lead in energy research. Nuclear fusion matters most to the CDU. In fusion, atomic nuclei merge and release energy.

The CDU wants to push for keeping the most recently shut-down nuclear power plants as a strategic reserve for the time being rather than dismantling them. It cites security of supply and stable prices during the energy crisis.

Germany has shut down its last nuclear power plants. The CDU does not want them taken apart yet. They should stay ready as a reserve. The CDU says this helps keep power secure and prices stable.

The CDU wants to expand power grids at all levels, advance energy storage and speed up permits for power lines. Local and district heating as well as energy efficiency are also to be increased.

The CDU wants more power lines to be built. Permits for them should come faster. It should be easier to store electricity. Storage should face fewer charges. There should also be more district heating.

The CDU wants to advance energy savings in households, buildings and businesses through more advice and funding. It intends to lobby the federal government for a scrappage bonus for old large household appliances.

The CDU wants people and companies to use less energy. There should be more advice for this. People who swap an old appliance for an efficient one should get money. The federal government should pay for this.

The CDU wants to lobby the federal government for a support model called "PrivatPlusEnergie" to follow the electricity price brake. People who generate and use their own green power would also get a benefit on the rest of their electricity use.

Some people make their own power, for example with solar panels. The CDU wants to reward these people. They should also get help with the rest of their power. The CDU wants to push for this at the federal level.

The CDU wants to expand solar energy on roofs, commercial sites, along transport routes, over parking lots and in part over farmland and water. A 100,000-roofs program with cheap or interest-free loans plus lower taxes and less red tape is meant to make solar the norm.

The CDU wants many more solar panels in Hesse. They should go on roofs, parking lots and next to highways. There should be cheap loans for 100,000 roofs. People should pay no taxes on solar power they use themselves.

The CDU wants to keep expanding wind energy in Hesse in a way that fits the landscape and has public acceptance, and to shorten procedures considerably. At the same time it criticizes the federal government for requiring more than the two percent of land agreed in 2011.

The CDU wants more wind turbines in Hesse. Permits should come faster. Old turbines should be replaceable with new ones. But the CDU is unhappy about a federal rule on land area.

The CDU wants to make greater use of geothermal heat, both near the surface and from great depth. Legal and bureaucratic obstacles are to be removed, especially in the Upper Rhine Rift with its favorable geology.

The CDU wants to use more heat from the ground. This is called geothermal energy. There should be fewer rules for it. It works especially well in the Upper Rhine Rift.

The CDU wants to preserve and promote biogas, heating with wood and hydropower as renewable energy sources. It rejects additional requirements and new taxes on earnings at the federal level.

The CDU wants to keep supporting energy from manure and plants. Heating with wood should stay too. Small hydropower plants and old mills will keep getting money. The CDU does not want new strict rules for this.

The CDU wants to keep supporting and to expand energy production from agricultural biomass and biogas. At the federal level it advocates fair payment models and opposes additional taxes on earnings.

Manure, slurry and plants can be turned into energy. The CDU wants to use this more. Farmers should be paid fairly for it. There should be no new taxes on the earnings. Biogas should get into the gas grid more easily.

The FDP wants to prevent gas and electricity shortages and to safeguard existing power plant sites in Hesse through planning. It expects coal and gas plants slated for closure to keep running for the time being. Energy policy should be technology-neutral and make greater use of domestic energy sources.

The FDP wants the power in Hesse never to go out. Power plant sites should be kept. Coal and gas plants should keep running for now. Later they should switch to climate-friendly technology. Energy should also be saved.

The FDP wants to introduce a dedicated state law on hydrogen. It would promote the use of hydrogen without favoring particular methods and the build-out of the needed infrastructure. In the party's view, hydrogen secures both energy supply and climate goals.

Hydrogen is a gas that can supply energy. The FDP wants to make a new law for it. The law would support pipelines and facilities for hydrogen. Hesse should be connected to the major hydrogen pipelines.

The FDP wants to keep expanding renewable energy, especially biomass, biogas and solar. Power grids should grow quickly, including the north-south lines Ultranet and SuedLink and the local distribution grids. Hesse should remain a single electricity price zone.

The FDP wants more power from the sun, biomass and biogas. Solar panels should also go on parking lots and along highways. Power lines should be built faster. The same electricity price should apply across Hesse.

The FDP wants to increase support for energy research in Hesse. The state should share in the funding for hydrogen technologies and e-fuels that has so far bypassed Hesse. Research on nuclear fusion should also be supported.

The FDP wants more energy research in Hesse. Hesse should get more funding for hydrogen projects. Nuclear fusion should also be studied. That is a new way to produce energy.

The FDP relies on the EU Emissions Trading System and market-based tools for climate protection and rejects national targets for individual sectors. The state's climate measures are to be reviewed for effectiveness and cost, with the cheapest carried out first.

The FDP wants to protect the climate through emissions trading. Companies must buy rights for the greenhouse gases they emit. The FDP is critical of fixed targets for single sectors. The state should first do what costs little and helps a lot.

The FDP regards adapting to climate change as a task for the state and municipalities because it requires local knowledge. Adaptation measures for public spaces are to be planned and budgeted for, and private precautions are to be supported as well.

The climate is changing. The FDP wants Hesse to prepare for this. The state and towns should make plans and set money aside. Private homeowners should get help too, for example to protect against heavy rain.

The FDP wants to make Hesse the leading location for aviation fuels produced in a carbon-neutral way using the power-to-liquid process. Frankfurt Airport is to become carbon-neutral as early as possible, and kerosene-powered auxiliary turbines are to be banned on the ground at Hessian airports.

Planes will need liquid fuel for a long time. The FDP wants this fuel to be made artificially without extra CO2. Hesse should lead in research on this. Frankfurt Airport should become carbon-neutral soon.

The FDP does not want to prescribe a heating technology. Existing oil and gas heating systems should be combinable with renewable heat sources such as heat pumps and later run on biofuels or synthetic fuels; the existing infrastructure is therefore to be kept.

The FDP wants people to choose their own heating. Old oil and gas heaters should be able to work together with a heat pump. Later they should run on climate-neutral fuels. That is why the pipes and systems should stay.

The Greens want to step up wind power expansion to at least 500 megawatts a year. Designated priority areas are to be built on quickly and more are to be designated, with a goal of at least 2.2 percent of the state's land. Permits are to be issued faster.

The Greens want many more wind turbines in Hesse. Each year, 500 megawatts of new turbines should be added. More land should be set aside for this. Offices should approve turbines faster. Citizens should be able to own a share.

The Greens want to make solar installations mandatory on all new buildings and support builders with low-cost loans. The expansion of photovoltaics and solar thermal is to speed up overall. Solar installations are to go primarily on land that is already sealed.

The Greens want every new building to have solar panels. This should be required. People who build should get cheap loans for it. Solar panels should mainly go on roofs and parking lots. Good farmland should stay free.

The Greens want a heat supply that comes entirely from renewable sources. To that end, all municipalities are to be required to draw up heat plans, and more buildings are to get energy retrofits. Advice and funding are to be expanded and simplified.

The Greens want heating to become climate-friendly. Every town must make a heat plan for this. More homes should be upgraded so they need less energy. There should be more advice and money from the state. People with little money should get extra help.

The Greens want to expand power grids, energy storage and hydrogen infrastructure so that renewable energy can be used at any time. A funding program is to advance the building of storage. Green hydrogen is to be used where electrification is hard to achieve.

Wind and sun do not always make the same amount of power. So the Greens want to build more power storage. The state should give money for this. Power grids should get better too. Hydrogen should help where electricity alone is not enough.

The Greens want Hesse to be climate neutral by 2035 at the latest and commit to the 1.5-degree target. The state climate plan is to become more binding, be reviewed every year and be tightened where needed.

Hesse should be climate neutral by 2035. That means the state no longer harms the climate. The Greens want to check the climate plan every year. The state's own offices should be climate neutral by 2030.

The Greens want to give cities, counties and municipalities more advice and funding for climate protection. Climate protection and adaptation are to become more binding there and get predictable financing.

Towns and cities matter for climate protection. The Greens want to advise them and give them money. Climate protection should become a fixed part of their work. The federal government, states and towns should pay for it together.

The Greens want to prepare Hesse for the effects of global heating and develop funding programs and guidelines for this. An action program for natural climate protection is to strengthen peatlands, forests and soils.

The climate is changing. Hesse should prepare for this. The Greens want to protect peatlands, forests and soils. Cities should store rainwater better. That means less damage from floods.

The Greens want swift energy retrofits of publicly owned housing and want to advance the heating transition with advice, funding and fewer legal hurdles. Cities and villages are also to be better prepared for heat, heavy rain and flooding.

Buildings should use less energy. State-owned homes should lead the way. There should be more solar panels. Cities should become greener so summers are cooler.

The Greens want to advance the shift to clean energy and heating at universities with a HEUREKA KLIMA program and provide money for building maintenance. Universities that wish to are to get autonomy over their construction projects.

University buildings should become more climate-friendly. The Greens plan a program called HEUREKA KLIMA for this. There should also be money to maintain buildings. Universities may decide on their own building projects if they want.

The Greens want to steer the siting of data centers through transparent regional planning because, in the platform's view, unregulated construction endangers Hesse's climate targets. At least 30 percent of waste heat is to be used. "Green IT" is to become the guiding principle for procurement and planning by the state and municipalities.

Data centers need a lot of electricity. They also give off a lot of heat. The Greens want to plan where new data centers may be built. At least 30 percent of the heat should be used, for example for heating. The state should buy energy-saving computer technology.

The SPD wants to provide enough land for renewable energy and actually use two percent of the state's area for wind power. Hesse is to be among the fastest states in approving such plants. The program justifies this with independence from fossil fuels and affordable energy costs.

The SPD wants more wind turbines in Hesse. Wind power should be produced on 2 percent of the state's land. Permits should come faster. Old turbines should be easier to replace with new ones. The SPD says this keeps energy affordable.

The SPD wants a major expansion of solar energy, giving priority to already sealed surfaces such as roofs, facades and parking lots. State-owned buildings are to get photovoltaics by 2030. Open land is to be opened up in addition, because the program holds that the expansion targets cannot otherwise be met.

The SPD wants many more solar panels. Roofs, walls and parking lots should be used first. State buildings should have solar panels by 2030. Open land should also be used. For example, land next to rail lines or on farm fields.

The SPD wants to double the share of renewable energy in Hesse's heat supply by 2030. Municipal heat plans are to be a key tool for this. The goal is a fully renewable supply by 2045 at the latest.

Heating should become more climate-friendly. By 2030, twice as much heat should come from renewable energy. Towns and cities should make heat plans for this. The SPD counts on heat pumps, district heating and hydrogen. Energy should stay affordable for businesses.

The SPD wants to give municipal utilities more scope to expand renewable energy, since they secure expertise, value creation and jobs locally. Energy cooperatives are also to be strengthened. Collective bargaining coverage and co-determination are to apply in the energy transition industries.

Municipal utilities should be able to do more for renewable energy. The SPD wants to help them. Groups of citizens who produce energy together should also get support. Union wage agreements should apply in the new energy industries. Workers there should have a say.

The SPD wants to make climate protection a central yardstick of state policy. Laws, larger budget items, ordinances and the state development plan are to be checked in advance for their climate impact. Hesse is to become one of the first German states to reach climate neutrality.

The SPD wants to check every new law for its effect on the climate. Large state spending items should be checked too. Harm to the climate gets a price in this check. Plans that harm the climate need a special reason. Hesse should become climate-neutral early.

The SPD wants to make the state administration climate-neutral by 2030 and allow offsets only in unavoidable exceptional cases. The state is to lead by example in expanding renewable energy and in energy efficiency.

State offices should work in a climate-neutral way by 2030. That means they no longer harm the climate. All state vehicles should then run climate-neutral. State buildings should use less energy. The state should set an example.

The SPD wants an integrated climate protection plan for Hesse with reduction targets for individual sectors in order to reach climate neutrality faster. Social and economic effects are to be monitored and cushioned, including through a transformation fund.

Hesse should get a climate plan. It sets goals for areas such as transport, heating and farming. Every 2 years the government reports whether the goals were met. The state makes agreements with companies and helps them switch. Jobs and incomes should stay secure.

The SPD wants to make climate protection a mandatory task for municipalities, with the state providing the necessary funds. Every municipality is to draw up binding energy plans and receive additional powers. Municipalities are also to limit the effects of climate change.

Towns and cities should be required to protect the climate. The state gives them money for this. Every town makes a plan for its energy. Towns may then require renewable energy. They should also provide more green space and shade.

The SPD wants to require heat suppliers to submit plans for gradually cutting their CO2 emissions. Data centers are to be required to draw up plans for using their waste heat. At the same time, the state wants to fund advice and energy-saving concepts.

Companies that supply heat should present a plan. The plan shows how they cut CO2 step by step. Data centers should use their waste heat. Waste heat is heat that arises during operation. The state funds advice on energy and climate.

The SPD wants to create a climate advisory council to advise the state government. Municipalities would receive funding for programs that lower local temperatures. Startup centers for sustainable business models are also planned.

The SPD wants to set up a climate council. This is a group of experts. It advises the government on climate protection. Cities and towns would get money for climate measures. New companies with climate ideas would get support.

The SPD wants agreements with all universities committing them to climate neutrality by 2030. Universities are to lead on sustainability, from construction and renovation to teaching and research. At the same time, science is to be communicated more widely to society.

Universities should be climate-neutral by 2030. This means they no longer harm the climate. The SPD wants an agreement on this with every university. There should be a new research program on sustainability. People should learn more about science and take part in research.